- From physical product to CAD design
Reverse Engineering
Reverse engineering is the process by which we will first digitize a physical object through 3D scanning and then convert it to a CAD model or a solid body in the form of a step, iges or parasolid file.
General
For the conversion from scan to CAD, we use specialized reverse engineering software. This is the link between 3D scanning and traditional CAD software (Solidworks, Siemens NX, Catia, etc.).
Over the years, we have built a systematic approach so that you always receive a quality CAD model that is useful for your application, and where you also have a clear picture of the differences between this model and the original scan. Below is an overview of our typical workflow for reverse engineering.
STEP 1: Calibration
Before we can start the actual scanning work, the scanner needs to be calibrated.
- The calibration panel is placed in front of the scanner within the specified distance. Meanwhile, proper lighting conditions and setup stability are checked.
- Warming up the scanner is necessary to ensure consistent operation.
- Once this is done, the calibration routine can be performed.
- The calibration is followed by a verification step to check that the scanner is correctly aligned and provides sufficient accuracy.
- If necessary, recalibration is performed.
Calibration is necessary to make accurate and reliable measurements, which is obviously essential. This also ensures consistency between scans, allowing for accurate comparisons and analysis of data sets.
STEP 2: 3D Scanning
After calibration, we start digitally capturing the geometry of the physical object using a 3D scanner. This scanner creates a point cloud, a dense collection of data points that represent the surface of the object.
Depending on the part to be scanned, we use our blue light scanner, with or without photogrammetry, or the X-ray CT scanner.
The goal is to obtain an accurate representation of the object’s dimensions, shape and surface features. The result is then a rough point cloud or mesh model.
STEP 3: Data cleaning and processing
The point cloud data collected during scanning often contains noise or errors, such as overlapping points or unwanted artifacts. This step involves cleaning and refining the data to ensure accuracy. In this process, we engage:
- Remove unnecessary points or noise.
- Closing gaps in scan data.
- Optimize the mesh by reducing the number of polygons without losing details.
- Align the dataset in the global co-ordinate system.
The result is a high-quality mesh model ready for further processing.
STEP 4: Conversion from Mesh to CAD
The next step is to convert the mesh model into a Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model. This is done using reverse engineering software.
Step by step, we will divide the mesh into its different main shapes in order to model it according to the traditional CAD operations (sketching, extrusion, rotation, boolean…) We try to work as much as possible according to the general design principles (perpendicularity, concentricity…) without deviating too much from the original scan.
When standard prismatic shapes (planes, cylinders…) are not sufficient we start using nurbs surfaces (free-form surfaces) or a combination of both.
The result is a CAD file (E.g. STEP, IGES or parasolid file) suitable for further machining or production.
STEP 5: Validation
Once the CAD model is created, it is compared to the original scan to ensure accuracy. This step validates the reverse-engineered model against the physical object.
A color plot visualizing the difference between the two allows very quick and visual identification of possible discrepancies. Adjustments are then still possible to eliminate discrepancies.
The result is a validated CAD model that faithfully represents the original object.
STEP 6: Analysis & Redesign
If the purpose of reverse engineering is to improve the design or functionality of the object, this step includes using the CAD model for further analysis and redesign. This step is performed again by our client where, for example, consideration can be given to:
- Simulations or stress analyses to understand performance.
- The design can be customized for better functionality, ergonomics, durability or efficiency.
The result is an optimized design that is ready for prototyping or production. Of course, this new design can again undergo a scanning process to check the dimensions and quality before moving to series production.
STEP 7: Prototyping or Production
The final CAD model is now ready to be used for production. Depending on the application, the file can be used for manufacturing methods such as CNC machining, 3D printing or injection molding.
An appropriate production method is selected, and results in a physical replica or improved version of the original object.
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Frequently asked questions about
Reverse Engineering
What is reverse engineering with 3D scanning?
Reverse engineering is the process where we first digitize a physical object using 3D scanning or X-ray CT scanning and then convert it into an editable CAD model. The result is a STEP, IGES, or Parasolid file that you can use directly in your CAD software such as SolidWorks, Siemens NX, or CATIA.
How does the reverse engineering process work at TetraVision?
Our process consists of a fixed, systematic workflow. We start with calibration and verification of the scanner, followed by 3D scanning of the object (optical or via CT). Then we clean up the scan data and convert the mesh to a CAD model using specialized reverse engineering software such as Geomagic Design X and QuickSurface. Finally, we validate the result with a color plot that visualizes the deviations between the CAD model and the original scan. This way, you always receive a high-quality and validated end result.
Which scanning technique is used for reverse engineering?
Depending on the part, we use our optical 3D scanners based on structured or laser light, optionally combined with photogrammetry, or one of our X-ray CT scanners. CT scanning is particularly suitable for parts with complex internal geometries that are not optically accessible. For larger objects that cannot be moved, we have various mobile scanners, ranging from small handheld to large tracking systems.
What file format will I receive after reverse engineering?
You will receive a CAD file in the format of your choice: STEP, IGES, or Parasolid (X_T / X_B). These are universal formats that can be opened in virtually any CAD software. Additionally, you will also receive the original scan data (STL) and a validation report that visualizes the deviations between the CAD model and the scan.
What is the difference between a 3D scan (STL) and a CAD model?
A 3D scan produces an STL file: a mesh of triangles that describes the shape of the object. This is very accurate but not editable in traditional CAD software. In reverse engineering, we convert this mesh into a true CAD model with editable features such as planes, cylinders, NURBS surfaces, and boolean operations. This allows you to modify the design, run simulations, or use it for production.
How is the CAD model validated?
After creating the CAD model, we compare it with the original scan. A color plot visualizes the deviations between both, so you can see at a glance where any differences are located. Adjustments are still possible at this stage to eliminate discrepancies. We work as much as possible according to general design principles such as perpendicularity and concentricity.
What applications is reverse engineering used for?
Common applications include restoring missing CAD data from existing parts, redesigning or improving products, preparing parts for production via CNC machining, 3D printing, or injection molding, and digitizing legacy parts for which no original design is available anymore.
Can you also reverse engineer complex freeform shapes?
Yes. When standard prismatic shapes (planes, cylinders) are not sufficient, we use NURBS surfaces (freeform surfaces) or a combination of both. Think of organic shapes, design parts, or complex mold surfaces. With software like Geomagic Design X and QuickSurface, we bridge the gap between 3D scanning and traditional CAD software.
How accurate is the reverse engineered CAD model?
The accuracy depends on two factors: the accuracy of the underlying scan on one hand, and the manufacturing deviations of the part itself on the other. In reverse engineering, we model the part according to the intended geometry. A sink mark or dent on a surface, for example, is modeled away to a perfect flat surface, which deliberately results in a deviation from the scan.
How quickly can a reverse engineering project be delivered?
The lead time depends on the complexity of the part and the desired output. A simple prismatic part is faster than a complex freeform surface. Contact us for a concrete estimate, we always respond within 24 hours.
What does reverse engineering cost?
The price depends on the complexity of the part, the type of surfaces (prismatic vs. freeform), the desired accuracy, and the output format. We create a customized quote for each project. Request your quote here, you will receive it within 24 hours.